Showing posts with label Пиндар. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Пиндар. Show all posts

Tuesday, May 27, 2008

За игрите. Сведения от схолиите

[Пиндар] е написал седемнадесет книги, от които четири се отнасят до така наречения период, и са следните: Олимпионики, Питионики, Истмионики, Немеоники. [Олимпийските игри са състезание в чест на Зевс, Питийските - на Аполон, Немейските - и те на Зевс, а Истмийските - на Посейдон. Наградите в тях са съответно маслина, лавър, σέλινος - сух и зелен]. Но за другите и за свързаните с тях неща ще кажем по-нататък; а сега да кажем за установяването (θέσις) на Олимпийските.

І. Олимпийски игри

Някои отнасят това установяване към времето на събитията около Пелопс и Еномай; други обаче казват, че ако то е било свързано с толкова грозни събития, игрите не биха били запазени. Други го приписват на Херакъл, както и Пиндар (Ол.Х), който, споменавайки тези по-славни дела разхубавява състезанието. Защото след като изчистил Авгиевия тор, но не получил обещаното, Херакъл събрал войска, убил Авгий и обсадил Елида; и като се сдобил с голяма плячка, уредил състезание за тези, които воювали заедно с него. Оттам е останал обичаят да се провеждат състезания. Но това предположение също не издържало, защото било напомняне за случилите му се неприятности. Но [се разказвало, че] след като Ифит и Еврилох воювали с кирейците (това били разбойници, които владеели крайбрежието на Фокида) събрали голяма плячка; и тогава Ифит установил Олимпийските игри, а Еврилох - Питийските. Случило се това предположение да се наложи.

(Scholia in Olympionikas, 6-7)


ІІ. Питийски игри

Питийските игри бяха установени, както смятат някои, по повод на дракона, който, докато пазел оракула в Делфи, бил убит от Аполон. Състезанието получило името си от мястото; а името на мястото е Пито - или заради отиващите да питат (πυνθάνεσθαι) при оракула, или защото убитото чудовище изгнило там. Защото πύθεσθαι значи "гния", както е при Омир - λεύκ᾽ ὀστέα πύθεται ὄμβρωι (Од.І,161). И след като Аполон се очистил от убийството на дракона в Крит при Хризотемида, дошъл в тесалийските τέμπη, и оттам пренесъл лавъра... В началото състезанието се провеждало всяка девета година, а после преминало към провеждане на всяка пета.

ἄλλως:
Питийското състезание установил, заедно с амфиктионите, тесалиецът Еврилох, след като победил в битка кирейците - сурови хора, насилващи околното население. Това станало, когато архонт в Делфи бил Гилид, а в Атина - Симон...

(Scholia in Pythionikas, 4-5)


ІІІ. Немейски игри


ІV. Питийски игри


Scholia in Pindarum. A.B. Drachmann edidit. Lipsiae, 1903-1927

Tuesday, May 13, 2008

Десета Немейска ода. Теей от Аргос

І. Превод


ІІ. Други преводи

1. For Theaios of Argos

The city of Danaos and of his fifty bright-throned daughters, Argos
the home of Hera, meet abode of gods, sing Graces! for by excellencies
innumerable it is made glorious in the deeds of valiant men.
Long is the tale of Perseus, that telleth of the Gorgon Medusa:
many are the cities in Egypt founded by the hands of Epaphos:
neither went Hypermnestra's choice astray when she kept sheathed her
solitary sword.
Also their Diomedes did the grey-eyed goddess make incorruptible and
a god: and at Thebes, the earth blasted by the bolts of Zeus received
within her the prophet, the son of Oikleus, the storm-cloud of war.
Moreover in women of beautiful hair doth the land excel. Thereto in
days of old Zeus testified, when he followed after Alkmene and after
Danaе.
And in the father of Adrastos and in Lynkeus did Argos mingle ripe
wisdom with upright justice: and she reared the warrior Amphitryon.
Now he came to the height of honour in his descendants, for in bronze
armour he slew the Teleboai, and in his likeness the king of the
immortals entered his hall, bearing the seed of fearless Herakles,
whose bride in Olympos is Hebe, who by the side of her mother, the
queen of marriage, walketh of all divinities most fair.
My tongue would fail to tell in full the honours wherein the sacred
Argive land hath part: also the distaste of men is ill to meet. Yet
wake the well-strung lyre, and take thought of wrestlings; a strife
for the bronze shield stirreth the folk to sacrifice of oxen unto Hera
and to the issue of games, wherein the son of Oulias, Theaios, having
overcome twice, hath obtained forgetfulness of the toils he lightly
bore.
Also on a time at Pytho he was first of the Hellenic host, and won
crowns at Isthmos and at Nemea, led thither by fair hap, and gave work
for the Muses' plough by thrice winning at the Gates of the Sea and
thrice on the famous plains in the pastures of Adrastos' home. Of
that he longeth for, O Father Zeus, his mouth is silent, with thee are
the issues of deeds: but with a spirit strong to labour and of a good
courage he prayeth thy grace. Both Theaios, and whosoever struggleth
in the perfect consummation of all games, know this, even the
supremacy of the ordinance of Herakles that is holden at Pisa: yet
sweet preluding strains are those that twice have welcomed his triumph
at the festival of the Athenians: and in earthenware baked in the
fire, within the closure of figured urns, there came among the goodly
folk of Hera the prize of the olive fruit.
On the renowned race of thy mother's sires there waiteth glory of
games by favour of the Graces and the sons of Tyndareus together. Were
I kinsman of Thrasyklos and Antias I would claim at Argos not to hide
mine eyes. For with how many victories hath this horse-breeding city
of Proitos flourished! even in the Corinthian corner and from the
men of Kleonai four times, and from Sikyon they came laden with
silver, even goblets for wine, and out of Pellene clad in soft woof of
wool. But to tell over the multitude of their prizes of bronze is
a thing impossible--to count them longer leisure were needed--which
Kleitor and Tegea and the Achaians' high-set cities and the Lykaion
set for a prize by the race-course of Zeus for the conquerors by
strength of hands or feet.
And since Kastor and his brother Polydeukes came to be the guests
of Pamphaes, no marvel is it that to be good athletes should be
inborn in the race. For they it is who being guardians of the wide
plains of Sparta with Hermes and Herakles mete out fair hap in games,
and to righteous men they have great regard. Faithful is the race of
gods.
Now, changing climes alternately, they dwell one day with their dear
father Zeus, and the next in the secret places under the earth, within
the valleys of Therapnai, fulfilling equal fate: because on this wise
chose Polydeukes to live his life rather than to be altogether god and
abide continually in heaven, when that Kastor had fallen in the fight.
Him did Idas, wroth for his oxen, smite with a bronze spearhead, when
from his watch upon Taяgetos Lynkeus had seen them sitting within a
hollow oak; for he of all men walking the earth had keenest eyes. So
with swift feet they were straightway come to the place, and compassed
speedily a dreadful deed.
But terrible also was the vengeance which by the devising of Zeus
those sons of Aphareus suffered: for on the instant came Leto's
son in chase of them: and they stood up against him hard by the
sepulchre of their father. Thence wrenched they a carved headstone
that was set to glorify the dead, and they hurled it at the breast of
Polydeukes. But they crushed him not, neither made him give back,
but rushing onward with fierce spear he drave the bronze head into
Lynkeus' side. And against Idas Zeus hurled a thunderbolt of consuming
fire.
So were those brothers in one flame burnt unbefriended: for a
strife with the stronger is grievous for men to mix in.
Then quickly came back the son of Tyndareus to his great brother,
and found him not quite dead, but the death-gasp rattled in his
throat. Then Polydeukes wept hot tears, and groaned, and lifted up his
voice, and cried: 'Father Kronion--ah! what shall make an end of woes?
Bid me, me also, O king, to die with him. The glory is departed from
a man bereaved of friends. Few are they who in a time of trouble are
faithful in companionship of toil.'
Thus said he, and Zeus came, and stood before his face, and spake
these words: 'Thou art my son: but thy brother afterward was by mortal
seed begotten in thy mother of the hero that was her husband. But
nevertheless, behold I give thee choice of these two lots: if,
shunning death and hateful old age, thou desirest for thyself to dwell
in Olympus with Athene and with Ares of the shadowing spear, this lot
is thine to take: but if in thy brother's cause thou art so hot, and
art resolved in all to have equal share with him, then half thy time
thou shalt be alive beneath the earth, and half in the golden house of
heaven.'
Thus spake his father, and Polydeukes doubted not which counsel he
should choose. So Zeus unsealed the eye, and presently the tongue
also, of Kastor of the brazen mail.


2. Феэю Аргосскому

Город Даная и пятидесяти его дочерей на блистательных тронах,
Аргос,
Благолепную обитель Геры,
Воспойте, Хариты!
В нем сияют десять тысяч слав
Деяниям его отваги.
Персею
Долгая слава за Медузу Горгону.
Ладонями Эпафа 5
Много воздвигнуто городов в Египте.
Гипермнестру,
Единственный меч удержавшую в ножнах, не минует хвала.

1а Диомед
Бессмертие принял от богини сероокой и русоволосой,
А под Фивами
Приняла земля пред Зевсовым перуном
Вещего Оиклида, грозовую тучу войны.
Славен Аргос и прекраснокудрыми женами —
Славу эту в древности явил Зевес, 10
Нисходя к Алкмене и к Данае.
Зрелый плод ума и прямой путь правды
Сочетались здесь в Линкее и в Адрастовом отце,

1э Вскормлено здесь и копье Амфитриона —
Тот, кто сильней всех счастьем,
Вошел в его родню,
Когда медным оружием сокрушил он телебоев, 15
А царь богов,
Уподобясь ему обличьем своим,
Внес в чертог его
Семя неукротимого Геракла —
Геракла, супруга Гебы,
Прекраснейшей из богинь,
Ступающей по Олимпу близ матери своей, блюстительницы супружеств.

2с Коротко дыхание уст моих,
Не исчислить ему всех благ, что на доле священной ограды Аргоса, 20
И тяжко ему противостоять всей зависти людской.
Но ты, Муза,
Пробуди добрые струны моей лиры,
Заботой своей коснись состязаний,
Где медный спор
Сгоняет народ к бычьим жертвам Геры,
И к той борьбе,
Где Феэй, сын Гилия,
Двойною победой достиг забвенья благопонесенных трудов.

2а Некогда при Пифоне 25
Осилил он все эллинское воинство;
При Истме и Немее,
Счастливый приходом, домогся он венка,
Утруждая Муз
Трижды у морских ворот
И трижды средь священных равнин, по Адрастову чину.
Отец наш Зевс!
Сердце его жаждет, хотя уста его молчат.
И свершение трудов его — в тебе.
Не минует милость твоя 30
Мольбы того, кто в неробком сердце несет отвагу.

2э И я пою то, что ведомо лишь богам,
И я пою того, кто в высокой борьбе соревнуется о пределе!
А высший устав —
Это тот, что ставлен Гераклом в Писе:
Предвестием были
Сладкие голоса афинских торжеств,
Дважды тебя приветившие, —
Недаром земля, обожженная огнем, 35
В расписных тайниках сосудов
Несла оливковый дар116
Славному храбрецами народу Геры.

3с Не впервые
Милостию Харит и Тиндаридов
Честь, завоеванная в борьбе,
Следует знатному племени
Предков твоей матери, о Феэй!
Будь я сородичем Фрасиклу и Антию,
Не пришлось бы мне скрывать свет очей моих перед Аргосом! 40
Город Прета, кормилец коней,
Сколько раз
Цвел ты победами
И в низинах Коринфа, и четырежды у Клеонских мужей!

3а Из Сикиона к тебе притекли
Одаренные винными серебряными чашами,
Из Пеллены —
Облаченные нежащими шафранами,
А медь твою многую не впору перечесть, 45
Не вмочь оценить, —
Медь от Клитора, и Тегеи, и ахейских нагорных городов,
Медь от Ликея,
Снесенную к Зевсу данью побед
Бегу ног, силе рук.

3э Кастор с Полидевком, кровным своим,
Гостями были Памфая, — 50
Так диво ли,
Что пророс его род лучшими из состязателей?
С Гермесом и Гераклом
Братья-блюстители Спарты, широкой в плясках,
Правят цветущие жребьи схваток
И пекутся о честных мужах, —
Необманно племя богов.

4с Переменною чередою 55
День они пребывают при Зевсе, милом отце,
И день — в полых недрах Ферапны.
Един их жребий,
Ибо это Полидевку милей,
Чем всецело быть ему богом и жить в небесах,
А Кастору мертвым лежать в бою.
Это Идас, гневаясь за быков, 60
Пронзил его острием жадного копья,

4а И это Линкей
Увидел его с Тайгета скрытым в дубовом дупле,
Ибо взором был острее всех земножителей.
Быстрой стопой
Помчались сыны Афарея,
Смелое дело
Замыслили они в уме своем,
Но страшная казнь настигла их от Зевса. 65
За ними по стопам ринулся сын Леды,
У отчей гробницы вышли они на него лицом к лицу,

4э С отчей гробницы схватив точеный камень, убранство Аида,
Чтобы им уметить
В грудь Полидевка.
Но он не рухнул, он не отступил:
В бок Линкею вогнал он медь летящего копья, 70
А Идаса дымным огненосным громом поразил Зевс,
И оба сгорели, покинутые, —
Смертным не под силу тягаться с сильнейшими.

5с Быстро воротился Тиндарид
К мощи своего брата;
Был еще брат живым,
Но хрипло вылетало его дыхание.
Проливая горячие слезы, 75
Со стоном
Выговорил Тиндарид, возвысив свой голос:
«Отец Кронион,
Есть ли мне какое избавление от страданий?
Ниспошли, о владыка, смерть
За ним и мне!
Кто теряет друзей, тот теряет честь, —
Ибо редкий из людей, пособников в наших трудах,

5а Верен в беде».
Так молвил он;
И Зевс,
Представ перед ним,
Обратил к нему ответное слово:
«Ты — мой сын, 80
Но после меня приблизился к матери твоей
Герой ее и муж,
Излив в нее смертное семя.
Я вручаю твой выбор тебе:
Если хочешь ты, чуждый смерти и мерзкой старости,
Обитать на Олимпе
С Афиною и с Аресом, о черном копье, —

5э Жребий в твоих руках. 85
Если же бьешься ты за кровного твоего,
Если хочешь ты поровну с ним разделить удел, —
Половина дыхания твоего будет в глубях земли,
Половина — в золотых чертогах небес».
Так сказал Зевс, —
И не было двух мыслей в уме у Полидевка.
А бог
Разомкнул очи и уста
Бойцу, с головой, одетой в медь, —
Кастору.


ІІІ. Коментари

Le nom grec Nemea semble avoir tiré son origine de ce que les boeufs consacrés à Junon paissaient autrefois dans ce lieu de l'Argolide. Les chefs de l'armée d'Adraste roi d'Argos y avaient célébré, avant de partir pour Thèbes, une pompe funèbre en l'honneur d'Archémore, jeune fils d'Hypsipyle, tué par un serpent pendant que sa mère allait montrer à ce roi une fontaine pour le désaltérer lui et sa troupe. Hercule ayant depuis cette époque tué un lion dans la forêt voisine dudit pâturage, substitua aux jeux funèbres qu'on y célébrait, ceux commémoratifs de sa victoire, sur le lion de Némée. Il en fixa le retour à chaque troisième année. Une couronne et des guirlandes d'ache vert étaient distribuées aux vainqueurs, pour prix de leurs succès.

Monday, April 21, 2008

Седма Олимпийска ода. Диагор от Родос

І. Превод

стр.α
Както ако някой вземе фиала от щедра ръка
с плискаща отвътре лозова роса
и я дари
с наздравица на млад жених - от дом за дом -
всезлатен връх на цялата покъщина
украса на пира; и сред присъстващите близки оказва чест на родството и
прави го завиден чрез съгласно ложе (1-7),

стр.β

така и аз налят нектар, от Музите ми даден, изпращам
на наградоносните мъже - сладък плод на душата,
и тъй веселя
победилите в Олимпия и Пито. Щастлив е,
когото са обгърнали добри мълви.
Ту едного, ту другиго във времето обгрижва
цветущата Харита със сладкопесенния
форминкс и със всезвучните тръби на авлоса (8-14)

епод α

Сега и със двете дойдох с Диагор, възпявайки морската
Афродитината щерка и невяста на Хелиос - Родос;
та правобореца, грамадния мъж, при Алфей увенчан и Касталия,
да прославя в награда за боя с юмруци; и баща му, на Дике
обичния - Дамагет.
Тях двамата, с аргийско копие населяващи триградия остров,
близко до клина на широкоземната Азия


ІІ. Други преводи

As when from a wealthy hand one lifting a cup, made glad within with
the dew of the vine, maketh gift thereof to a youth his daughter's
spouse, a largess of the feast from home to home, an all-golden
choicest treasure, that the banquet may have grace, and that he may
glorify his kin; and therewith he maketh him envied in the eyes of the
friends around him for a wedlock wherein hearts are wedded-

So also I, my liquid nectar sending, the Muses' gift, the sweet fruit
of my soul, to men that are winners in the games at Pytho or Olympia
make holy offering. Happy is he whom good report encompasseth; now
on one man, now on another doth the Grace that quickeneth look
favourably, and tune for him the lyre and the pipe's stops of music
manifold.

Thus to the sound of the twain am I come with Diagoras sailing home,
to sing the sea-girt Rhodes, child of Aphrodite and bride of Helios,
that to a mighty and fair-fighting man, who by Alpheos' stream and by
Kastalia's hath won him crowns, I may for his boxing make award of
glory, and to his father Demegetos in whom Justice hath her delight,
dwellers in the isle of three cities with an Argive host, nigh to a
promontory of spacious Asia.

(E. Myers)

Как чашу, кипящую виноградной росою,
из щедрых рук приемлет отец
и, пригубив,
молодому зятю передает из дома в дом
чистое золото лучшего своего добра
во славу пира и во славу сватовства
на зависть друзьям;
Ревнующим с ложе согласия

Так и я
текучий мой нектар, дарение Муз,
сладостный плод сердца моего
шлю к возлиянию
мужам-победителям,
венчанным в Олимпии, венчанным у Пифона.
Благо тому, о ком добрая молва!
Ныне к одному, завтра к другому
Устремляет Харита в животворном своем цвету
взгляд свой и звук лиры и многогласных флейт;

Под пение лир и флейт
ныне выхожу я с Диагором
славить дочь Афродиты, Солнца невесту, морскую Роду,
чтоб, воздать хвалу за кулачный бой
без промаха бьющему
исполину в Алфейском и в Кастальском венке
и отцу его Дамагету, угодному Правде,
обитающим остров о трех городах
меж аргивских пик,
под бивнем широких хороводов Азии.

"Наука", М.,1980


ІІІ. Коментари

Rhodes is said to have been colonised at the time of the Dorian
migrations by Argive Dorians from Epidauros, who were Herakleidai of
of the family of Tlepolemos. They founded a confederacy of three
cities, Kameiros, Lindos, and Ialysos. Ialysos was then ruled by
the dynasty of the Eratidai. Their kingly power had now been extinct
two hundred years, but the family was still pre-eminent in the state.
Of this family was Diagoras, and probably the ode was sung at a
family festival; but it commemorates the glories of the island generally.
The Rhodians caused it to be engraved in letters of gold in the
temple of Athene at Lindos.
There is a noteworthy incident of the Peloponnesian war which should
be remembered in connection with this ode. In the year 406, fifty-eight
years after this victory of Diagoras, during the final and most
embittering agony of Athens, one Dorieus, a son of Diagoras, and himself
a famous athlete, was captured by the Athenians in a sea-fight.
It was then the custom either to release prisoners of war for a ransom
or else to put them to death. The Athenians asked no ransom of
Dorieus, but set him free on the spot.

(E. Myers)

Diagoras of Rhodes, most famous of Greek boxers, won the victory here celebrated Ol. 79, 1 (464 BC).
The poem was composed soon afterwards, as we may gather from sun Diagorai kateban, and was sung at Rhodes.
Diagoras was a Herakleid. In the third generation after Temenos a Doric colony went from Argos to Rhodes by way of Epidauros. The leaders were descendants of Tlepolemos, son of Herakles, and Pindar makes Tlepolemos himself the founder of the colony. The Herakleidai occupied three cities of Rhodes, and established a triple kingdom. Those who inhabited Ialysos were called Eratidai, and this was the stock of Diagoras, who also counted among his ancestors a son-in-law of the famous Messenian leader, Aristomenes. The royal power of the Eratidai ceased after Ol. 30, and in the time of Pindar prytaneis ruled instead; and it is supposed that the father of Diagoras, Damagētos, was such a prytanis. Of an illustrious family, Diagoras won for himself unparalleled distinction as a boxer. Besides being victorious at many local games, he was successful at all the national games, and so became a periodonikês. His sons emulated the head of the house. His youngest, Dorieus, had a career only less brilliant than that of his father. Damagētos won the pankration at Olympia, Akusilaos a boxing-match. The two sons of his daughters were also victors at Olympia, and one of his daughters enjoyed the exceptional privilege of being present at the Olympian games. The statue of Diagoras, surrounded by his three sons and two grandsons, the work of Kallikles of Megara, was erected at Olympia; and familiar is the story of the Spartan who, when he saw Diagoras borne on the shoulders of his two laurelled sons, exclaimed, “Die, Diagoras, for thou canst not mount to heaven” (Cic. Tusc. 1, 46, 111). It is not known whether Diagoras followed the advice or lived to see the downfall of his family. Rhodes belonged to the Delian league. Two years before the victory here celebrated the battles of Eurymedon were fought (466), and Athens was at the height of her power. Enemies of aristocratic government, the Athenians favored the commons as against the Doric aristocracy of Rhodes. Diagoras's son, Dorieus, fled to Thurioi, but returned and fought against the Athenians in his own ships, was captured, but liberated. Again exiled, he went to the Peloponnesos, where he was arrested by the Spartans and executed. But these events befell many years after the date of the victory celebrated in this ode.
The good fortune of Diagoras was proverbial. But if we had no evidence outside of this ode, we should know by Pindar's recital that his career was brilliant, as his home was brilliant - Rhodes, child of Aphrodite, bride of the sun. No wonder that the golden beaker and the foaming wine are used to symbolize the song in honor of such a victor and such a home. But there must be shade as well as light. Nemesis does not allow too much happiness, and in the history of the line of Diagoras, Pindar finds enough trouble for contrast, each trouble ending in higher joy. So, should the happiness of Diagoras ever be interrupted, there is good hope of more than recompense. Tlepolemos, founder of the house, slew the brother of Alkmena - passion had overmastered him - but Apollo sent him to Rhodes, where he received “sweet ransom for grievous disaster”. The sons of Helios, lord of Rhodes, were bidden to raise an altar to Athena and sacrifice to the Great Sire and the Warrior-maid. Wise as they were, they forgot fire, and offered flameless sacrifices. Yet the gods forgave; Zeus sent them gold, Athena cunning craft. Helios himself, pure god, was absent at the partition of the earth; yet he received a boon that he himself preferred to all besides. In each of these three cases we have a good beginning followed by misfortune, and yet a good ending crowns all. Diagoras was fortunate. Both areta and charmata were his, but he might one day forget; he trod a noble path, hubrios echthran hodon, but passion might overtake him; he was a prince among men as Helios was a prince among gods, but he might, in his absence, be forgotten; but should Nemesis have aught against Diagoras, he may yet hope to find, like Tlepolemos, like the sons of Helios, like Helios himself, lutron sumphoras oiktras gluku. The winds shift, but the divine helmsman steers the ship to its haven.
A remarkable feature of the myth is the reversal of the usual chronological order. We begin with Tlepolemos and end with the emergence of Rhodes. The climax is in the rank of those who have sinned, who have forgotten, who have been absent. Note that the fault is less the higher we mount. No wonder that an explanation has been sought of the triple shadow that falls across the poem. The Scholiast on v. 94 assumes that Diagoras had got into discredit by killing one of his opponents. But this must have been in some previous contest, for in such an event there would have been no victory, as is shown by the case of Kleomedes (Paus. 6, 9, 6). The shadow may come from the future, as has been assumed above, but there is danger of being a Promêtheus meta ta pragmata, and to Diagoras the words touto d' amachanon heurein, | ho ti nun en kai teleutai phertaton andri tuchein need not have been ominous. The changing breezes of the close may bring good as well as evil.

(B. L. Gildersleeve)

Wednesday, April 9, 2008

Питийски оди II-VІІ

І. Хиерон от Сиракуза, надбягване с колесници (коне)

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The classification of this ode as Pythian is probably a mistake:
perhaps the victory was won at the Theban festival in honour of
Herakles, or of Iolaos.
Anaxilaos, tyrant of Rhegium and Messana, had been deterred by
Hieron's threats from attacking the Epizephyrian Lokrians, and the ode
is partly occupied with congratulations of Hieron on this protective
act. As Anaxilaos died B.C. 476, and Hieron was only placed at the
head of the Syracusan state two years before, this seems to fix the
date somewhere in these two years. As Pindar talks of sending his song
across the sea, we may suppose that it was sung at Syracuse.
There is much obscurity about the significances of this ode. The
poet's motive in telling the story of Ixion's sins has been variously
guessed at. Some think it was meant to deter Hieron from contriving
the death of his brother Polyzelos in battle in order to get
possession of Polyzelos' wife (and if Hieron was to be suspected of
such a thought it would be quite in Pindar's manner to mingle warning
and reproof with praise): some think that it refers to the ingratitude
of Anaxilaos toward Hieron. And most probably the latter part of the
ode, in which sincerity is approved, and flattery and calumny are
condemned, had some special and personal reference, though we need not suppose, as the commentators are fond of doing here and elsewhere,
that it was aimed at Bacchylides or other rival poets.

(E. Myers)

This victory, gained not at the Pythian games, but at the Theban Iolaia or Herakleia, is probably to be assigned to Ol. 75, 4 (477 B.C.), in which year Hieron had, by his interposition, saved the Epizephyrian Lokrians from a bloody war with Anaxilas, tyrant of Rhegion. The poem, with its dissonances, echoes the discord of the times. Hieron was just then at enmity with his brother, Polyzelos, who had taken refuge with his connection, Theron, the friend of Pindar, and a war was impending. The strain makes itself felt amid all the congratulation.
It is a strange poem, one in which divination and sympathy can accomplish little. Only we must hold fast to the common sense view that Pindar did not undertake to lecture Hieron.
“Great Syracuse,” the poet says, “rearer of men and horses, I bring this lay from Thebes in honor of Hieron's victory with the four-horse chariot, gained not without the favor of Artemis, goddess of Ortygia, thus wreathed with glory. For Artemis and Hermes, god of games, aid Hieron when he yokes his horses and calls on the God of the Trident. Other lords have other minstrels, other praises. Let Kinyras be praised by Kyprian voices, Kinyras beloved of Apollo, and minion of Aphrodite. Thou, Hieron, beloved of Hermes and minion of Artemis, art praised by the voice of the virgin of Epizephyrian Lokris, to whose eye thy power hath given confidence. Grateful is she. Well hath she learned the lesson of Ixion, whose punishment, as he revolves on the winged wheel, says: Reward thy benefactor with kind requitals.”(1-24).
In P. 1 we had one form of hubris, sheer rebellion, typified by Typhon. Here we have another typified by Ixion, base ingratitude. Typhon belonged from the beginning to those hosa mê pephilêke Zeus. Ixion was one of those who eumenessi par Kronidais glukun heilon bioton. Ixion was another, but a worse, Tantalos. Tantalos sinned by making the celestial meat and drink common. Ixion sinned by trying to pollute the celestial bed. Each was punished in the way in which he had sinned. Tantalos was reft of food and drink. Ixion was whirled on his own wheel, became his own iynx. Ixion's sin was of a deeper dye, and so, while the son of Tantalos came to great honor, the son of Ixion became the parent of a monstrous brood(vv. 25-48).
It is, indeed, not a little remarkable that in every Hieronic ode there is a dark background -- a Tantalos (O. 1), a Typhon (P. 1), an Ixion (P. 2), a Koronis (P. 3) -- and the commentators are not wrong in the Fight-with-the-Dragon attitude in which they have put Hieron. Who is aimed at under the figure of Ixion no one can tell. The guesses and the combinations of the commentators are all idle. Hieron is a manner of Zeus. He was the Olympian of Sicily as Perikles was afterwards the Olympian of Athens, and the doom of Tantalos, the wheel of Ixion, the crushing load of Typhon, the swift destruction of Koronis, the lightning death of Asklepios were in store for his enemies.
Passing over to the praise of Hieron, the poet emphasizes with unmistakable reduplication the power of God. “God decides the fate of hopes, God overtakes winged eagle and swift dolphin, humbles the proud, to others gives glory that waxes not old. This be my lay instead of the evil tales that Archilochos told of the Ixions of his time. Wealth paired with wisdom, under the blessing of Fortune - this is the highest theme of song”. God is all-powerful to punish and to bless, and Hieron is his vicegerent.
The praise of Hieron follows, his wealth, his honor. His champion, Pindar, denies that he has ever had his superior in Greece, and boards the herald-ship all dight with flowers to proclaim his achievements - now in war, now in council; now on horse, and now afoot. The ape, the fox, the wolf, are contrasts dramatically introduced, dramatically dismissed. “Let there be no pretentiousness, no slyness, no roundabout hate. Straight-tonguedness is best in the rule of the one man, of the many, of the wise. Follow God's leading, bear his yoke. Kick not against the pricks. There lies the only safety. May such men admit me to their friendship” (v. 96).

(B. L. Gildersleeve)

ІІ. Хиерон от Сиракуза, надбягване с коне

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The dates both of the victory and of the ode are uncertain. But as
Pherenikos, the horse that won this race at Pytho, is the same that
won at Olympia B.C. 472, in honour of which event the First Olympian
was written, the victory cannot have been very long before that date,
though the language of the ode implies that it was written a good deal
later, probably for an anniversary of the victory. It must at least
have been written before Hieron's death in 467. It is much occupied
with his illness.

(E. Myers)

Hiéron, attaqué de la gravelle, n'avait pu recevoir personnellement le prix qu'avait remporté pour lui son coursier Phérénicus. Pindare, en célébrant sa victoire, regrette d'abord que Chiron ne puisse être évoqué du tombeau et venir porter les secours de son art au roi victorieux. Il rappelle comment ce centaure, ami des hommes, instruisit Esculape, fils d'Apollon et de la nymphe Coronis. Il embrasse dans le même épisode l'histoire de cette nymphe, mère d'Esculape qui, portant dans son sein le germe qu'elle avait reçu d'Apollon, osa se lier à un étranger, Ischys, fils d'Elate. Ce crime attira sur elle et sur le pays qu'elle habitait, la peste, fléau qui comme le feu, se répandit dans un moment et dont la nymphe fut victime. Cependant Apollon retira l'enfant des flancs de sa mère au moment où les flammes du bûcher allaient consumer le corps de cette infortunée. Esculape, formé depuis par Chiron, fit des cures prodigieuses et osa même rendre la vie à un personnage illustre qui avait péri par l'ordre des dieux. La foudre lancée par Jupiter fit justice de cet attentat. Le poète, en blâmant la témérité d'Esculape, reconnaît que tout mortel doit proportionner ses voeux et ses espérances à la faiblesse de sa nature. Cependant il désire que quelque fils d'Apollon vienne rendre la santé au héros qu'il célèbre. Lui-même voudrait porter le remède à ses maux, et de Thèbes sa patrie, traverser la mer, aborder en Sicile et lui apporter à la fois la santé et l'hymne qu'il a composé en son honneur. Mais après avoir adressé ses prières aux dieux, il conseille à Hiéron de supporter son mal avec résignation, de se souvenir que la vie de l'homme n'est jamais exempte de maux, témoins celles de Pélée et de Cadmus. Il vante la sagesse des hommes qui savent supporter le mal, il observe d'ailleurs qu'Hiéron est un des mortels les plus favorisés de la fortune ; il le loue d'en faire le plus digne usage ; il lui rappelle que c'est par les poètes qui chanteront ses louanges qu'il vivra toujours dans la mémoire des hommes. Mais il ne lui dissimule pas que peu de poètes savent immortaliser leurs héros. Par là, Pindare semble avertir ce prince de mettre le plus haut prix à l'ode qu'il lui adresse.

(R. Tourlet)


ІІІ. Аркезилай от Кирена, надбягване с колесници (коне)

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Pindar has made this victory of Arkesilas, King of the Hellenic colony
of Kyrene in Africa, an occasion for telling the story of Jason's
expedition with the Argonauts. The ostensible reason for introducing
the story is that Kyrene had been colonised from the island of Thera
by the descendants of the Argonaut Euphemos, according to the prophecy
of Medea related at the beginning of the ode. But Pindar had another
reason. He wished to suggest an analogy between the relation of the
Iolkian king Pelias to Jason and the relation of Arkesilas to his
exiled kinsman Demophilos. Demophilos had been staying at Thebes,
where Pindar wrote this ode, to be afterwards recited at Kyrene. It
was written B.C. 466, when Pindar was fifty-six years of age, and is
unsurpassed in his extant works, or indeed by anything of this kind in
all poetry.

(E. Myers)

Cette ode est sans contredit la plus longue, et cependant, ajoutent les critiques, une des plus belles que nous ait laissées Pindare.
Le plan est simple; on y distingue très bien l'éloge du héros vainqueur, de sa patrie, de ses aïeux et de ses qualités personnelles. Cependant on est forcé d'y voir aussi que le poète entassa à dessein les fictions et les allégories, moins pour flatter le prince que pour l'amener à rappeler à sa cour un certain Démophile qui avait eu quelque part à une sédition tramée contre les jours du roi, et qui, exilé à Thèbes, avait trouvé dans Pindare un ami zélé, en sorte que l'ode entière a été conçue à cette occasion, et moins pour célébrer la victoire d'Arcésilas que pour implorer sa clémence en faveur de l'illustre exilé.
Pindare invite d'abord sa muse à chanter les louanges d'Arcésilas, roi de Cyrène, celles des ancêtres du prince, et surtout de Battus, qui, averti par Apollon dans un songe que lui confirma l'oracle de Delphes, partit de son île de Théra pour aller fonder en Libye, avec de nombreux colons, la ville de Cyrène, d'après la prophétie de Médée, fille d'Aétas, roi de Colchos. Cette princesse, qui seconda Jason et les Argonautes dans la conquête de la toison d'or, avait en effet prédit que le dix-septième descendant d'Euphémus, l'un des Argonautes, serait un jour roi de Cyrène. Elle désignait Battus, dont Arcésilas était le huitième descendant. Ce Battus, ignorant sa destinée, était venu consulter l'oracle d'Apollon pour remédier à une infirmité probablement naturelle, qui gênait chez lui l'articulation de la parole. Il en reçut l'ordre de transporter une colonie en Afrique ; ce qu'en effet il exécuta avec la plus grande docilité.
Battus était le dix-septième descendant du roi Euphemus, l'un des Argonautes. Ceux-ci, au retour de leur expédition, ayant passé quelque temps dans l'île de Lemnos, vécurent avec les femmes lemniennes, homicides de leurs maris. Les enfants qui naquirent d'elles, s'étant, dans la suite, rendus en grand nombre près de leurs pères, à Lacédémone, y excitèrent des troubles et en furent chassés. Théra se mettant à leur tête les conduisit dans l'île de Calliste, l'une des Sporades, qui prit alors le nom du chef de la colonie. Le poète l'appelle l'île sacrée, parce qu'elle avait un temple consacré à Neptune ou à quelqu'autre divinité. Cette île avait été formée par un gazon de terre que le roi Euphémus avait reçu en signe d'hospitalité, des mains d'Eurypyle, fils de Neptune, et qu'il devait emporter près du cap Ténare, d'où ses descendans à la quatrième géaération seraient dès lors passés en Libye, avec les peuples d'Argos et de Lacédémone. Mais ce gazon ayant disparu sous les eaux près des Sporades, l'île qui s'en forma ne fut peuplée que longtemps après, et la fondation de la ville de Cyrène par Battus n'eut lieu qu'à une époque beaucoup plus éloignée.
Tel est le récit que Pindare met dans la bouche de Médée; mais comme toutes ces circonstances appartiennent à l'expédition des Argonautes, il en trace l'histoire à partir du moment où Jason, fils d'Eson, élevé par le centaure Chiron dans les rochers caverneux, vient se montrer dans Colchos, en Magnésie, pour remonter sur le trône de ses pères occupé par l'injuste Pélias, contre l'ordre établi pour la succession des pères aux enfants. Pélias consent à remettre l'autorité entre les mains de son légitime souverain, mais seulement après que celui-ci aura rapporté la toison d'or du bélier sur lequel Phrixus avait traversé l'Hellespont pour se réfugier en Colchide. Telle était, disait-il, la volonté des dieux manifestée par l'oracle d'Apollon. L'entreprise est agréée par Jason. Il fait ses préparatifs, rassemble ses guerriers et les encourage par les signes favorables que leur découvre le devin Mopsus. Les navigateurs traversent les mers, et après avoir franchi les écueils entre les îles Cyanées, ils arrivent enfin à Colchos par l'embouchure du Phase.
Jason s'y lie d'amitié avec l'enchanteresse Médée, fille du roi Aétas ; il tire de l'art magique de cette princesse les secours nécessaires pour dompter les boeufs dont la bouche vomissait les flammes, et pour tuer le dragon monstrueux préposé à la garde de la toison d'or.
Quelque long que soit ce récit mythologique, le poète ne veut pas qu'il paraisse un écart ni un hors-d'oeuvre. Il justifie ses épisodes par deux autres allégories qui l'amènent à mettre sous les yeux d'Arcésilas la demande de Démophile. Il compare celui-ci à un chêne, qui, quoiqu'abattu sous la cognée, ne laisse pas d'être utile; il compare le roi Arcésilas à un médecin des maux physiques: enfin, il sollicite ouvertement la grâce de cet illustre exilé dont il fait un portrait avantageux.

(R. Tourlet)

ІV. Аркезилай от Кирена, надбягване с колесници (коне) за Карнейския празник

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This ode celebrates the same victory as the foregoing. It would seem
that the chariot had been consecrated to Apollo and left in the temple
at Delphi, but the horses were brought home to Kyrene and led in
procession through the sacred street of Apollo, with their charioteer
Karrhotos, brother of Arkesilas' wife.

(E. Myers)

Pindare s'étant permis de longues digressions dans l'ode précédente, en l'honneur d'Arcésilas, et n'ayant pu qu'ébaucher l'éloge de ce héros, vainqueur à la course du char dans les jeux pythiques, y revient dans cette cinquième ode, où il célèbre les richesses et les vertus d'Arcésilas, protégé par Castor, demi-dieu, inventeur de l'art de construire et de diriger les chars. Il vante en même temps les travaux et l'adresse du cocher Carrhotus, fils d'Alexibe, auquel le prince doit son triomphe, et qui, sur quarante concurrents, a eu l'avantage de fournir en entier la carrière sans que son char souffrît le moindre dommage, puisqu'après la course, ce même char fut déposé comme offrande dans un lieu public, près de la statue faite d'une seule pièce, c'est-à-dire du tronc d'un arbre de la forêt consacrée à Apollon. A cette occasion, le poète invite son héros à chanter les louanges d'Apollon, auteur de bienfaits divers tant publics que particuliers, dont le poète se plaît à faire l'énumération. Pindare continue l'éloge de son héros par celui de ses ancêtres, les Battiades ou descendants de Battus, dont l'histoire figure dans l'ode quatrième; il raconte comment les colons de l'île de Théra, unis avec des habitans de Sparte, furent transportés par Battus dans la Libye, où ils fondèrent la ville de Cyrène, qui accueillit les Troyens échappés à l'incendie de leur malheureuse ville saccagée par les Grecs. Il s'associe lui-même à la gloire de ces Spartiates, issus de race thébaine, et par ce moyen il identifie sa cause avec celle d'Arcésilas et de ses aïeux. Il évoque les mânes de ceux-ci et jette quelques fleurs sur leurs tombeaux ; il finit par un éloge pompeux des talents et des vertus d'Arcésilas pour lequel il intéresse tous les dieux, et à qui il souhaite dans les jeux d'Olympie une victoire aussi brillante que celle obtenue dans les combats pythiques.

(R. Tourlet)

V. Ксенократ от Акрагант, надбягване с колесници (коне)

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This victory was won B.C. 494, when Pindar was twenty-eight years old,
and the ode was probably written to be sung at Delphi immediately
on the event. Thus, next to the tenth Pythian, written eight years
before, this is the earliest of Pindar's poems that remains to us.
Xenokrates was a son of Ainesidamos and brother of Theron. The second
Isthmian is also in his honour.

(E. Myers)

Pindare semble adresser particulièrement ses éloges à Thrasybule, fils du vainqueur; ce qui a fait soupçonner que le titre de cette ode portait anciennement: A Thrasybule, pour la victoire remportée par Xénocrate, son père. Il parait même que ce fut Thrasybule qui monta le char de son père, et remporta pour lui cette victoire.
Quoi qu'il en soit, le poète voulant célébrer les vertus de son héros, s'élève d'abord à la hauteur de son sujet. Il annonce qu'il va puiser ses chants dans le sanctuaire même d'Apollon; que ses hymnes ne craignent ni l'injure du temps, ni la fureur des éléments. Il loue les ancêtres de Xénocrate, puis son fils Thrasybule et son frère Théron. Il fait la peinture des vertus qui caractérisent ces trois personnages. Il compare Thrasybule au jeune Achille, qui se montra docile aux leçons du Centaure Chiron; il compare l'attachement de Thrasybule pour son père, au dévouement avec lequel Antiloque sauva la vie de son père Nestor en faisant le sacrifice de la sienne. Il s'étend aussi sur les autres qualités brillantes du jeune Thrasybule, qu'il rapproche de celles de son oncle Théron. Il finit par vanter son affabilité et sa douceur, qu'il assimile au miel des abeilles.

(R. Tourlet)


VІ. Мегакъл от Атина, надбягване с колесници (тетрипос)

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Megakles won this victory B.C. 490, the year of the battle of
Marathon. He was a member of the great house of the Alkmaionidai, to
which Kleisthenes and Perikles belonged. Megakles was a frequent name
in the family: this Megakles was probably the nephew, possibly the
son, of Kleisthenes.

(E. Myers)

Les Alcméonides, issus d'Alcméon, dernier des archontes perpétuels d'Athènes et ami de Croesus roi de Lydie, étaient en grande vénération dans cette ville. Mégaclès, un de ses descendants, avait renversé la tyrannie des Pisistrates, il eut dans sa lignée et pour héritier de son nom, un autre Mégaclès, fils d'Hippocrate et oncle de Périclès. C'est cet autre Mégaclès que célèbre ici Pindare: en même temps il rappelle la gloire d'Athènes à laquelle il associe son héros, dont les ancêtres avaient relevé le temple d'Apollon, ruiné par les Pisistrates. Cette même famille comptait aussi plusieurs vainqueurs dans les jeux de la Grèce. Sans doute ces titres paraissaient à notre poète lyrique tellement imposants qu'il a cru ne devoir que les mentionner dans cette courte ode, en témoignant même la crainte que l'illustration de cette grande famille n'attirât sur elle les regards de l'envie.

(R. Tourlet)

Tuesday, April 8, 2008

Дванадесета Питийска ода. Мидас от Акрагант

І. Съдържание

Моля те, владичице, най-прекрасна сред смъртните градове, опора и седалище на Персефона, която обитаваш бреговете на овцехранния Акрагант и благоустроения му хълм, да приемеш този венец, който славният Мидас донесе от Пито, както и него самия, победил с изкуството си Гърция (1-7).
Това изкуство откри някога Атина Палада, като изплете в песен смъртния плач на дръзките Горгони. Тя чу този плач да се лее със скръбен стон от девичите [на Горгоните] и от непристъпните им змийски глави, когато синът на Даная Персей унищожи една трета част от сестрите и донесе съдбата на морския Серифос и на народа й. И наистина, след като грабна главата на хубавобузата Медуза, той унищожи божествения род на Форк и превърна в мрачен дар за Полидект робството и насилното ложе на майка си. За него ние твърдим, че е роден от самоизляло се злато (8-17).
Но след като девицата [Атина] избави от тези битки обичния си мъж, тя създаде всегласна песен на флейта, за да може да изобрази гръмогласния стон, изпълзял от мощните челюсти на Евриала. Откри го богинята; и го даде на смъртните мъже и нарече го номос на "много глави" като славен спомен за състезанията, които раздвижват народите. И той се промъква през тънкия бронз и тръстиките, които растат край хубавоземния град на Харитите и в храма на Кефисос - верни свидетели на хористите (27).
Дори да има някакво щастие сред хората, то не се явява без мъка; и божеството може да го довърши даже и днес. Съдбовното е неизбежно. Но ще дойде това време, което ще удари някого ненадейно и противно на мислите му. Едно ше даде, а друго не още (28-33).

Превод на:
http://literaturasu.blogspot.com/2007/11/blog-post_15.html

ІІ. Коментари

This is an early ode: the victory was won either in 494 or 490. It
was to be sung, it would seem, at Akragas, and very probably in a
procession to the shrine of the tutelar divinity of the city, with an
address to whom it seemingly begins, though it is difficult to say
what degree of personification is intended.

(E. Myers)

Midas of Akragas, a famous aulêtês, master of the Athenian Lamprokles, who in his turn taught Sophokles and Damon, was victorious in aulêsis twice, Pyth. 24 and 25, and likewise, according to the Scholia, at the Panathenaic games. We do not know positively for which of the two victories at Pytho this poem was composed; but if Pindar had been celebrating the second victory, he would, according to his usual manner, have mentioned the first. If this is the first victory, the poem belongs to the same year with P. 6 (494 B.C.), in which Pindar celebrated the success of another Agrigentine, his friend Xenokrates, brother of Theron, and we have in P. 12 one of Pindar's earliest odes.
The contest in aulôidia (song with flute accompaniment) was abolished at the second Pythiad, and the game at which Midas won was the psilê aulêsis. The antique aulos, like the old English flute, was a kind of clarionet, with a metallic mouth-piece, and one or two tongues or reeds. Midas had the ill-luck to break the mouth-piece of his flute, but continued his playing, to the great delight of his audience, and succeeded in winning the prize.
The poem is constructed on the usual Pindaric lines. It announces the victory, tells of the origin of flute music, the invention of the tune called kephalan pollan nomos (polukephalos nomos), and returns to the victor with some not unfamiliar reflections on moil and toil linked with prosperity.
According to Mezger, epheure, v. 7, and heuren, v. 22, which mark beginning and end of the myth, show the tendency of the poem. The value of the victory consists in its having been gained in an art invented by Athena.
Mezger notices a resemblance to O. 3 in the handling of the myth. In both poems the person of the victor is brought into connection with the centre of the mythical narrative -- the olive there, the polukephalos nomos here.

(B. L. Gildersleeve)

Pindare commence cette ode par une invocation à la nymphe qui avait donné son nom à la ville d'Agrigente, patrie du vainqueur. De là, il remonte à l'invention de la flûte par Pallas, dite aussi Minerve, déesse de la guerre et des arts. Minerve, avait hérissé de serpents la tête de Méduse, fille de Phorcys, ou Phorcus, violée dans son temple par Neptune. S'étant ainsi vengée de ce dieu, elle épargna moins encore Méduse, lorsqu'elle eut à s'en plaindre ; car elle aida Persée à couper la tête de cette Gorgone. Notre poète, dans sa Xe Pythique, avait déjà parlé de cette expédition de Persée vers les champs Hyperboréens, où étaient les trois Gorgones, filles de Phorcys, à savoir Sthéno Euryale et Méduse. Il raconte ici plus en détail comment Polydecte, qui avait reçu dans son île de Sériphe Danaé, fille d'Acrise roi d'Argos, et enceinte de Persée (Persée avait été conçu du sang de Jupiter, qui, pour approcher Danaé, fille du roi d'Argos, s'était métamorphosé en une pluie d'or), retint dans ses bras la mère, pour se payer des frais de l'hospitalité. Il ajoute que Persée devenu grand réclama la liberté de sa mère. Le roi Polydecte la lui promit, dans un festin où chaque convive lui avait apporté un présent, mais à condition que ce jeune héros rapporterait dans Sériphe la tête monstrueuse de Méduse. Persée, secondé par Pallas, trancha en effet la tête à Méduse et apporta ce présent funeste au roi, qui fut changé en pierre ainsi que tous ses sujets, à l'aspect du monstre ; et par ce moyen, Persée arracha sa mère à une odieuse servitude. Minerve, pour perpétuer ce souvenir, inventa l'instrument composé de plusieurs tuyaux, dont les sons semblaient imiter les sifflements variés des nombreux serpents qui composaient la chevelure de Méduse. Telle fut l'origine de la flûte, dont les matériaux furent dans la suite l'airain et les autres métaux comme aussi les joncs, dont les plus vantés furent pris sur des bords du Céphise, fleuve du territoire d'Orchomène, séjour des Grâces, ainsi que Pindare l'affirme dans la XIVe Olympique et ailleurs. On voit par là que cette dernière ode Pythique contient peu de faits personnels à Midas. Cependant le scoliaste nous apprend ce que sans doute il savait par tradition que Pindare, vers la fin de cette ode, fait allusion à une circonstance particulière de la victoire de Midas, «la rupture de l'embouchure de la flûte de ce joueur, au milieu de l'exercice». Cette circonstance, dit le scoliaste, ne déconcerta pas le vainqueur qui, malgré cet accident, sut tirer un tel parti des tuyaux qui lui restaient qu'il étonna tous les auditeurs et qu'emportant le suffrage des juges, contre tout espoir, il fut couronné. Ainsi, ajoute le poète, la destinée des humains dépend de la volonté des dieux, mais en même temps des efforts de l'homme, qui sont couronnés ou non de succès selon les lois du destin.

(R. Tourlet)

Monday, April 7, 2008

Олимпийски оди VIII-X, XII-XIV

I. Алкимедонт от Егина, борба (за момчета)

1. Съдържание

2. Коментари

The date of this victory is B.C. 460. Long as the ode is, it would
seem however to have been written, like the fourth Olympian, to be
sung in the procession to the altar of Zeus on the night of the
victory.
Of the forty-four odes remaining to us no less than eleven are in
honour of winners from Aigina.

(E. Myers)

II. Ефармост от Опунт, борба (за изпълнение в Опунт на празника на Аякс Локрийски)

1. Съдържание

2. Коментари

Its last line seems to imply that it was sung at a banquet at Opous, after crowning the altar of AiasOileus, tutelar hero of the Lokrians. From the beginning we gather
that on the night of the victory at Olympia Epharmostos' friends had
sung in his honour the conventional triple strain of Archilochos:
o kallinike chair' anax Herakleaes
autos te k' Iolaos, aichmaeta duo.
taenella kallinike

to which perhaps some slight additions had been made, but not by
Pindar.

(E. Myers)

III. Агезидам от Епизефирските Локри, юмручен бой (за момчета, за изпълнение в Епизефирските Локри)

1. Съдържание


2. Коментари

This ode bears somewhat the same relation to the next that the fourth
does to the fifth. It was to be sung at Olympia on the night after
the victory, and Pindar promises the boy to write a longer one for
the celebration of his victory in his Italian home. The date is
B.C. 484.

(E. Myers)

IV. Ерготел от Химера, бягане на дълго разстояние

1. Съдържание


2. Коментари

Ergoteles was a native of Knosos in Crete, but civil dissension had
compelled him to leave his country. He came to Sicily and was
naturalized as a citizen of Himera. Had he stayed in Crete he
would not have won this victory; nor the Pythian and Isthmian
victories, referred to at the end of the ode, for the Cretans seem to
have kept aloof, in an insular spirit, from the Panhellenic games.
The date of the ode is B.C. 472, the year after the Himeraeans had
expelled the tyrant Thrasydaios of Akragas. The prayer to Fortune
would seem to have reference specially to this event. The ode was
probably sung in a temple either of Zeus or of Fortune.

(E. Myers)

V. Ксенофонт от Коринт, бягане на един стадий и петобой

1. Съдържание


2. Коментари

The date of this victory is B.C. 464, when Xenophon won both the
Stadion, or short foot-race of about a furlong or 220 yards, and also
the Pentathlon, that is, probably, he won at least three out of the
five contests which composed the Pentathlon--the Jump, Throwing the
Disk, Throwing the Javelin, the Foot-race, and Wrestling, (
alma podokeian diskon akonta palaen).
This ode and the speech of Glaukos in the sixth Book of the Iliad
are the most conspicuous passages in poetry which refer to the great
Corinthian hero Bellerophon.
It is thought that this ode was sung on the winner's public entrance
into Corinth.

(E. Myers)


VI. Азопих от Орхомен, бягане на един стадий (за момчета)

1. Съдържание


2. Коментари

This ode was to be sung, probably by a chorus of boys, at the winner's
city Orchomenos, and most likely in the temple of the three or Graces,
Aglaia, Euphrosyne and Thalia.
The date of the victory is B.C. 476.

(E. Myers)

Tuesday, March 25, 2008

Единадесета Олимпийска ода. Агезидам от Епизефирските Локри

І. Превод

Понякога хората имат най-голяма нужда от ветрове; а понякога от небесни води, дъждовни деца на облака. Ако пък някой успява с труд, меденозвучни химни стават начало на по-късни слова и истинно свидетелство за големи добродетели (1-6).

Тази реч, недосегаема за завист, се поднася на олимпийските победители. Тези слова нашият глас иска да поведе като стадо на паша; но пък човек цъфти и с помощта на мъдри съвети от бога. Знай сега, Агесидаме, Архестратов сине, че заради твоята победа в бокса (7-12)

ще вплета сладкопесенна украса във венеца от златна маслина като гледам към рода на зефирските Локри. Там елате на празненството, Музи; обещавам, че няма да се появи войска, която гони гостите, неопитна в красивото но храбра и твърде умна. Защото вродения нрав не ще изменят нито червената лисица, ни лъвовете гръмогласни (13-20).


ІІ. Други преводи

Sometimes have men most need of winds, sometimes of showered waters of
the firmament, the children of the cloud.
But when through his labour one fareth well, then are due honey-voiced
songs, be they even a prelude to words that shall come after, a pledge
confirmed by oath in honour of high excellence (1-6).

Ample is the glory stored for Olympian winners: thereof my shepherd
tongue is fain to keep some part in fold. But only by the help of God
is wisdom kept ever blooming in the soul.
Son of Archestratos, Agesidamos, know certainly that for thy boxing (7-12) I

will lay a glory of sweet strains upon thy crown of golden olive,
and will have in remembrance the race of the Lokrians' colony in the West.
There do ye, O Muses, join in the song of triumph: I pledge my word
that to no stranger-banishing folk shall ye come, nor unacquainted
with things noble, but of the highest in arts and valiant with the
spear. For neither tawny fox nor roaring lion may change his native
temper (13-20).

(E. Myers)


There is a time when men's need for winds is the greatest, and a time for waters from the sky, the rainy offspring of clouds. But when anyone is victorious through his toil, then honey-voiced odes become the foundation for future fame, and a faithful pledge for great deeds of excellence (1-6).

This praise is dedicated to Olympian victors, without stint. My tongue wants to foster such themes; but it is by the gift of a god that a man flourishes with a skillful mind, as with anything else. For the present rest assured, Hagesidamus son of Archestratus: for the sake of your boxing victory (7-12),

I shall loudly sing a sweet song, an adornment for your garland of golden olive, while I honor the race of the Western Locrians. There, Muses, join in the victory-song; I shall pledge my word to you that we will find there a race that does not repel the stranger, or is inexperienced in fine deeds, but one that is wise and warlike too. For neither the fiery fox nor loud-roaring lions change their nature (13-20).

(B. L. Gildersleeve)

Monday, March 17, 2008

Олимпийски оди III-VI

I. Терон от Акрагант (за празника Теоксения)

1. Съдържание

Искам да прославя славния Акрагант с химн за олимпийската победа на Терон; и се обръщам към Тиндаридите и хубавокосата Елена. Нека ме подкрепя и Музата. Венците по конските гриви ме подтикват да изпълня определения от боговете дълг към сина на Енесидам. И Пиза ме подтиква да говоря, защото от нея идват божествените песни: откакто един мъж - етолиец - постави на нечия глава за пръв път маслиновата украса, която синът на Амфитрион донесе от сенчестия извор на Истър, след като убеди с реч хиперборейския народ - служителя на Аполон.
Той освети олтарите на баща си (Зевс) и определи съдийството и петгодишния период на игрите при бреговете на Алфей. Но не цъфтяха хубави дървета в земята на Кронидовия Пелопс (1-24).
И тогава духът му го подтикна да върви към Истрийската земя, където го посрещна дъщерята на Латона - него, идващия от Аркадия, където по известие на Евристей и принуден от баща си преследваше златорогата сърна. И, следвайки я, видя земята зад диханията на Борей, и се смая, като видя дърветата. И бе обзет от сладка жажда да ги посади при края на пътя, където конете се обръщат дванайсет пъти. И сега на този празник той идва заедно с близнаците на дълбокопрепасаната Леда: защото, когато тръгна за Олимп, на тях остави да уреждат състезанието между мъжете (25-38).
А мен духът ми ме подтиква да кажа на Еменидите и Терон, че славата им е дадена от хубавоконните Тиндариди, защото от всички смъртни те им посвещават най-многото трапези: и с благопристойна мисъл пазят ритуала на безсмъртните.
И ако водата превъзхожда, а сред придобивките най-уважавано е златото, то сега Терон стигна до върха - и от дома си се докосва до стълбовете на Херакъл. Нататък вече няма път нито за мъдреците, нито за немъдрите. И няма да вървя натам, защото би било напразно (39-45).


2. Коментари

This ode celebrates the same victory as the preceeding one. It was
sung at the feast of the Theoxenia, given by Theron in the name of
the Dioskouroi (Kastor and Polydeukes) to the other gods. Hence the
epithet "hospitable" (philoxeinois) applied to the Dioskouroi
in the first line. The clan of the Emmenidai to which Theron belonged
was especially devoted to the worship of the Twins.

(E. Myers)


The third Olympian celebrates the same victory as the preceding ode. In what order the two were sung does not appear. Ol. 2 was probably performed in the palace of Theron; Ol. 3 in the Dioskureion of Akragas. The superscription and the Scholia indicate that this ode was prepared for the festival of the Theoxenia, at which Kastor and Polydeukes entertained the gods. It is natural to assume the existence of a special house-cult of the Dioskuroi in the family of the Emmenidai...
The third Olympian, then, combines the epinikian ode with the theoxenian hymn. The Tyndaridai are in the foreground... It is the Tyndaridai, the twin sons of Leda, that are the ruling spirits of the Olympian contests. It is the Tyndaridai that are the givers of fame to Theron. The victory is the same as that celebrated in the previous ode, but there Theron is always present to our minds. We are always thinking of the third member of the triad - god, hero, man. Here Theron is kept back... Before it was merit, here it is grace.
The poem is a solemn banquet-hymn. The victory calls for the fulfilment of a divine service, a theodmaton chreos. Pisa is the source of theomoroi aoidai. The myth has the same drift. It is the story of the Finding of the Olive, the token of victory. This is no native growth. It was brought by Herakles from the sources of the Istros, a memorial of Olympic contests. It was not won by force, but obtained by entreaty from the Hyperborean servants of Apollo, and the hero craved it as shade for the sacred enclosure of his sire, and as a wreath for human prowess. Already had the games been established, but the ground was bare to the keen scourgings of the sun. Sent to Istria on another errand by Zeus, he had beheld and wondered. Thither returning at the impulse of his heart, he asked and received, and planted the olive at Olympia, which he still visits with the sons of Leda.

(B. L. Gildersleeve)


II. Псаумий от Камарина, надбягване с колесници (мулета)


1. Съдържание


2. Коментари

Psaumis won this race in the year 452; therefore this ode and its
companion, the next following, are the latest work of Pindar possessed
by us to which we can assign a date. The mule-chariot-race was introduced at Olympia B.C. 500 and abolished B.C. 444, according to Pausanias.
This ode seems to have been written immediately on Psaumis' victory,
to be sung the same night beneath the moon by the company of friends
who escorted the winner to return thanks at the altar of Zeus.

(E. Myers)

Kamarina was founded by the Syracusans, 599 BC, one hundred and thirty-five years after Syracuse itself. Destroyed by Syracuse in consequence of a revolt, it was some time afterwards restored by Hippokrates. Again stripped of its inhabitants by Gelon, it was rebuilt once more by men of Gela (461 BC). The proverb mê kinei Kamarinan: akinêtos gar ameinôn is supposed to refer to the unhealthy situation of the city...
Of Psaumis we know absolutely nothing, except what Pindar is pleased to tell us in this ode and the next. Both odes are supposed to refer to the same victory, apênêi, that is, with a mule chariot... This gives us a terminus. The mule-race was done away with, Ol. 84 (444 BC). Böckh puts Psaumis's victory Ol. 82 (452 BC), and maintains that the victor had failed in the four-horse chariot race, and in the race with the single horse (kelêti). The apênêi victory then was a consolation, and there seems to be a note of disappointment in the rhythm.
According to Böckh the ode was sung in Olympia; according to Leopold Schmidt in Kamarina. The latter view seems to be the more probable. The fourth ode was sung in the festal procession, the fifth, the genuineness of which has been disputed, at the banquet.
The key of this brief poem is given, v. 16: diapeira toi brotôn elenchos. The final test is the true test. Success may be slow in coming, but when it comes it reveals the man. The thunderchariot of Zeus is an unwearied chariot. What though his Horai revolve and revolve ere they bring the witness of the lofty contest? Good fortune dawns, and then comes gratulation forthwith. The light comes late, but it is a light that shines from the chariot of a man who hastens to bring glory to Kamarina. Well may we pray, “God speed his other wishes.” Well may we praise the man - liberal, hospitable, pure-souled, lover of peace, lover of his state. No falsehood shall stain this record of a noble life. The final trial is the test of mortals.
So, by trial, Erginos, the Argonaut, was saved from the reproach of the Lemnian women. Unsuccessful before, he won the race in armor, and said to Hypsipyle as he went after the crown: “This is what I am in swiftness. My hands and heart fully match my feet. The race is for the young, but I am younger than my seeming. Gray hairs grow often on young men before the time. The final trial is the test of mortals.”
Psaumis had every virtue but success; now this is added. So Erginos was a man of might, of courage; now he has shown his speed.

(B. L. Gildersleeve)


III. Псаумий от Камарина (за изпълнение в Камарина)

1. Съдържание


2. Коментари

This ode is for the same victory as the foregoing one, but was to be
sung after Psaumis' return home, at Kamarina, and probably at, or in
procession to, a temple of either Pallas, Zeus, or the tutelary nymph
Kamarina, all of whom are invoked. The city is called "new-peopled"
(neoikos) because it had been destroyed by Gelo, and was only
restored B.C. 461, nine years before this victory, the first which had
been won by any citizen since its restoration.

(E. Myers)

The victory celebrated here is the same as that of the preceding ode.
The verse about which the poem revolves is v. 15: aiei d' amph' aretaisi ponos dapana te marnatai pros ergon | kindunôi kekalummenon. The preceding poem dwells on the importance of the final trial; this gives the conditions of success, ponos dapana te. The wain must be untiring, the sacrifices great and various. To gain an Olympian victory, to found a new city, costs toil and money. The flower of victory is sweet (aôtos glukus), the abode of Pelops lovely (euêratoi stathmoi), now that the work is over, the price paid. So the daughter of Okeanos, Kamarina, who is to greet the victor with laughing heart, was builded with much toil, much cost. The stately canals, the grove of houses - these, like apênê, like bouthusiai, were not made for naught. May blessings rest on city and on Olympian victor! May the one have the adornment of the noble deeds of her sons, the other a happy old age, with his sons clustering about him! ponos dapana te have brought their reward. Wealth sufficient remains. Add fame. What more? Let him not seek to become a god.
There is no myth. The founding of Kamarina is fairy-tale, is magic achievement, enough.

(B. L. Gildersleeve)


IV. Агезий от Сиракуза, надбягване с колесници (мулета, за изпълнение в Стимфал)

1. Съдържание


2. Коментари

One of the Iamid clan, to which belonged hereditary priestly functions
in Arcadia and at Olympia, had come with the first colonists to Syracuse,
and from him the present victor Agesias was descended. Thus
the ode is chiefly concerned with the story of his ancestor Iamos.
Agesias was a citizen of Stymphalos in Arcadia, as well as of Syracuse,
where he lived, and the ode was sung by a chorus in Stymphalos,
B.C. 468.

(E. Myers)

Agesias, son of Sostratos, was a Syracusan of the noble family of the Iamidai, descendants of Iamos, son of Apollo. The Iamidai were hereditary prophets among the Dorians, hereditary diviners at the great altar of Zeus in Olympia. Early settlers of Italy and Sicily, they retained their connection with Arkadia. Our Agesias, a citizen of Syracuse, was also a citizen of Stymphalos. As a Syracusan he was an active partisan of Hieron, and after the fall of the tyrannis was put to death by the Syracusans.
The composition of the ode cannot be earlier than 476 BC, nor later than 468 BC, the earliest and the latest Olympian celebrations that fall within the reign of Hieron. Ol. 77 (472 BC) is excluded, because Pindar was at that time in Sicily, and the poem was composed in Greece. Zeus Aitnaios would seem more appropriate after the founding of Aitna (Ol. 76).
The ode was probably sung at Stymphalos and repeated at Syracuse. One Aineas brought the poem from Thebes to Stymphalos, and directed the performance. We do not know whether he was an assistant of Pindar's or a local poet of the Iamid stock.
The verses to which one always comes back in thinking over this poem are these (100, 101): agathai de pelont' en cheimeriai | nukti thoas ek naos apeskimphthai du' ankurai. Agesias, the hero of the poem, unites in his person Syracusan and Stymphalian. At Olympia he is victor in the games and steward of an oracle. At Syracuse he is sunoikistês of the city and beloved of the citizens. He is prince and prophet, as Amphiaraos was warrior and prophet, and his victory must be celebrated at Pitana, as it must be celebrated at Syracuse. His charioteer, Phintis, must speed to the banks of the Eurotas, and Pindar's leader, Aineas, must conduct the festal song. Agesias's maternal stock was Arkadian; from thence came his prophetic blood - from Euadne, daughter of Poseidon, a prophetic god; from Iamos, whom Euadne bore to Apollo, a prophetic god.
The myth of Iamos shows the value of this double help - the result, a double treasure of prophecy. Prosperity and fame attend the Iamidai. Herakles helped Iamos at Olympia; Hermes the Iamidai in Arkadia. Thebes and Stymphalos are akin, as Herakles, Boeotian hero, and Hermes, Arkadian god, unite to bless the Iamidai. So the song must praise Hera, for Arkadia was the home of her virginity, and vindicate Boeotia, home of Herakles; must remember Syracuse, and wish the victor a happy reception in one home as he comes from another home -- as he comes from Arkadia to Syracuse. He has two homes in joy - two anchors in storm. God bless this and that (tônde keinôn te klutan aisan parechoi phileôn). Nor is the mention of the two anchors idle. May Amphitrite's lord speed Agesias's ship, and prosper the poet's song.
This is one of the most magnificent of Pindar's poems, full of color, if not so dazzling as the seventh Olympian. The myth of Iamos, the mantis ancestor of a mantis, is beautifully told. Profound moral there is none to me discernible. “He that hath gods on either side of his ancestry shall have the gods to right and left, of him for aye,” shows an aristocratic belief in blood (oude pot' ekleipsein genean).
There is such a ganglion of personal and tribal relations involved in this piece that one is tempted to long historical and antiquarian disquisitions; but if we accept Pindar's statement as to the connection between Thebes and Arkadia, nothing more is necessary to the enjoyment of the ode.

(B. L. Gildersleeve)

Tuesday, March 11, 2008

Осма Питийска ода. Аристомен от Егина

І. Съдържание

Благосклонно Спокойствие (hesychia), дъще на Дике, която държиш ключове на съвети и войни, приеми питийска почит за Аристомен. Защото ти знаеш да дадеш благо да причиниш вреда в уместно време. И когато някой внесе сурова злоба в сърцето си, го посрещаш и побеждаваш, а дързостта му е хвърлена в бездната. Така стана и с бунтовния Порфирион (1-14).
Насилието на надменния унищожава с времето и самия него. Това не избегна нито стоглавият киликийски Тифон, нито царят на Гигантите. И Тифон бе повален с мълния и със стрелите на Аполон; а той самият прие сина на Ксенарх, дошъл от Кира и увенчан с парнаска зеленина и съпроводен от дорийска свита. Не е далеч от Грациите и справедливият остров, украсен със славните добродетели на Еакидите. От самото начало той има съвършена слава, защото е прославена с много победни подвизи и е отгледала най-велики герои (15-27).
Не бих желал да дотежавам с многословие на лирата и песента. Нека литне сега, момче, твоята най-нова награда с помощта на моето изкуство.
Ти следваш борбите на вуйчовците си Теогнет и Клитомах, които победиха в Олимпия и Истъм. Възвеличаваш рода на Мейдилидите и напомняш думите, изречени от Ойклеевия син, когато видя синовете пред седмовратната Тива - Епигоните, когато дойдоха за втори път от Аргос. Той каза "По природа благородната воля преминава от бащи към синове. Виждам многоцветна змия на щита на Алкмеон да върви най-отпред през вратите на Кадъм" (28-47).


ІІ. Коментари

The precise date of this ode is uncertain, but there is strong
internal evidence of its having been written soon after the battle of
Salamis, after which, as is well known, the aristeia, or first
honours for valour, were awarded to Aigina. The insolence of the
barbarian despot seems to be symbolized by that of the giants Typhon
and Porphyrion.
The ode was apparently to be sung on the winner's return to Aigina. No
less than eleven of the extant odes were written for winners from that
island.

(E. Myers)

Aristomenes of Aigina, the son of Xenarkes, belonged to the clan of the Midylidai, and had good examples to follow in his own family. One of his uncles, Theognetos, was victorious at Olympia, another, Kleitomachos, at the Isthmian games, both in wrestling, for which Aristomenes was to be distinguished. His victories at Megara, at Marathon, in Aigina, were crowned by success at the Pythian games. It is tolerably evident that at the time of this ode he was passing from the ranks of the boywrestlers. No mention is made of the trainer, a character who occupies so much space in O. 8.
P. was, in all likelihood, present at the games. The poem seems to have been composed for the celebration in Aigina -- compare tothi (v. 64), which points to distant Delphi...
What is the date?... If we accept the late date, the poem becomes of special importance as Pindar's last, just as P. 10 is of special importance as Pindar's earliest ode...
Hesychia is to Aigina what the lyre is to Syracuse; and the eighth Pythian, which begins with the invocation philophron Hêsuchia, is not unrelated to the first Pythian, which begins with the invocation chrusea phorminx. In the one, the lyre is the symbol of the harmony produced by the splendid sway of a central power, Hieron; in the other, the goddess Hesychia diffuses her influence through all the members of the commonwealth. In the one case, the balance is maintained by a strong hand; in the other, it depends on the nice adjustment of forces within the state. Typhõeus figures here (v. 16) as he figures in the first Pythian; but there the monster stretches from Cumae to Sicily, and represents the shock of foreign warfare as well as the volcanic powers of revolt... Here, too, Typhõeus is quelled by Zeus, and Porphyrion, king of the giants, by Apollo.
The opening, then, is a tribute to Hesychia, the goddess of domestic tranquillity...
Then begins the praise of Aigina for her exploits in the games, and the praise of Aristomenes for keeping up the glory of his house and for exalting the clan of the Midylidai and earning the word that Amphiaraos spoke (vv. 21-40).
The short myth follows, the scene in which the soul of Amphiaraos, beholding the valor of his son and his son's comrades among the Epigonoi, uttered the words: Phuai to gennaion epiprepei | ek paterôn paisin lêma. The young heroes have the spirit of their sires. Adrastos, leader of the first adventure, is compassed by better omens now; true, he alone will lose his son, but he will bring back his people safe by the blessing of the gods...
Such, then, were the words of Amphiaraos, whose praise of his son Alkmaion is echoed by Pindar -- for Alkmaion is not only the prototype of Aristomenes, but he is also the neighbour of the poet, guardian of his treasures, and spoke to him in oracles.
P. now turns with thanksgiving and prayer to Apollo... Success is not the test of merit. It is due to the will of Fortune, who makes men her playthings. “Therefore keep thee within bounds.”
Then follows the recital of the victories, with a vivid picture of the defeated contestants as they slink homeward...

To sum up: The first triad is occupied with the praise of Hesychia, ending in praise of the victor. The second triad begins with the praise of Aigina, and ends with the Midylidai, to whom the victor belongs. The third triad gives the story of Alkmaion, as an illustration of the persistency of noble blood. The fourth acknowledges the goodness of Apollo, and entreats his further guidance; for God is the sole source of these victories, which are now recounted. The fifth presents a striking contrast between vanquished and victor, and closes with an equally striking contrast between the nothingness of man and the power of God, which can make even the shadow of a dream to be full of light and glory. At the end is heard a fervent prayer for Aigina's welfare.

(B. L. Gildersleeve)


The traditional date for this poem is fairly sure at 446 BC. It was written
for one Aristomenes who won the Pythian wrestling contest, and is interesting
as the sole poem of Pindar on a man from Aegina, which had lost her
independence after the Athenian victory in 457. Aegina had been suspected
of a pro-Persian attitude before the Persian Wars, and since Pindar was
Theban and Thebes was suspected of Persian sympathy before the wars, he
may have found himself at one time between the interests of Thebes,
Aegina and a hostile Athens. But his reputation as a poet permitted access to
Athens, where he studied the poetic art in his youth and was valued for his
poetry.
At the time this Ode was written Pindar was near eighty and this is so far as
we know his last victory Ode, and the only one which celebrates Aegina,
which had opposed the imperialist policies of Athens and was repopulated
later around 430 after its defeat, as an Athenian colony. In this poem Pindar
is aware of the difficult position of the island and hopes she will remember
her old glory from the days of the pious and just founder-hero Aeacus, and
still find a place in the new pan-Hellenic world. Aegina in fact never recovered
its former standing as a great naval power rivaling Athens earlier in the
century, and praise of this state in this poem must be seen as a sad hope
which was not borne out by history.
References in the poem to Dike as the personification of justice may have
had more meaning for the Aeginetans than one would at first assume, and
the name of Aeacus in the poem calls up a reputation of piety from a time
when Aegina was infested by plague. Zeus rewarded him for his concern
and aid to the people, and gave him as many people as there were ants on
the island, henceforth named Myrmidons from the word for ant.
The name Aegina also has a special history, as a nymph loved by Zeus who
bore Aeacus and brought her name to this island. The names of Aeacus and
his son Telamon who fathered the greater Ajax and Peleus father of
Achilles are all brought together at the end of the poem, in a resounding
prayer for peace with Zeus and Aegina presiding, thus confirming the
mention of Hesychia or "Quietude" with which the poems starts.
There are other famous names in the poem which must have touched deep
resonances in the politico-religious mythology of the people of that age. For
us many of the names are just items to look up in a book of classical reference,
since the Greek mythic tradition has a mainly literary value in the new
world of the West. And how do we respond to the names of Indra and Vishnu, still alive in Hindu society? Mythic and religious names depend on their social setting for
meaning and impact.
The constant in-weaving of mythic names and actions in Pindar's poetic
fabric is not decorative. It is critical to the poems, but at the same time it is
impossible for us to conjure up their effect in the vivid way he employed it.

(William Harris)
http://community.middlebury.edu/~harris/pindar.pdf

Friday, March 7, 2008

Олимпийски оди I-II

I. Хиерон от Сиракуза, конно надбягване

1. Съдържание

Няма по-добро за възпяване състезание от Олимпийското. Нека с химн да прославим сина на Кронос и щастливия дом на Хиерон, царя на Сиракуза. С дорийската лира ще споменем и за коня Ференик, който, без да бъде пришпорван, спечели надбягването при река Алфей (1-23).
Славата на Хиерон блести в колoнията на лидиеца Пелопс, в когото се влюби земетръсецът Посейдон. Разказвано е, че Тантал е убил сина си Пелопс и сварил тялото му, но това е лъжа - а и човек трябва да говори за боговете само добро (защото се разказва, как те разделили и яли от тялото на Пелопс). Но Пелопс не е бил убит, а е бил отнесен в дома на боговете, също като Ганимед. Тантал пък е наказан, защото е откраднал от безсмъртните нектар и амброзия и ги дал на своите сътрапезници. Греши човекът, който се надява да извърши нещо, тайно от бог (34-65).
Пелопс бил върнат, и когато станал мъж, пожелал да се ожени за Хиподамия; призовал Посейдон и го помолил да му помогне в състезанието с баща й Еномай. Дотогава Еномай, за да отлага брака на дъщеря си, вече бил убил тринадесет кандидати. И така, Пелопс получил от Посейдон златна колесница и крилати коне; спечелил състезанието, взел Хиподамия и тя му родила шестима сина. Сега гробът му е край река Алфей, близо до олтар, посещаван от множество чужденци (xenoi) (66-96).
А победителят в тези състезания е блажен през останалия си живот. Аз пък увенчавам героя с еолийска песен и съм сигурен, че не бих могъл да прославя с химн никого сред живите гърци (xenoi), който да има качествата на Хиерон.
Хората са велики в различни неща. Нека ти, Хиероне, да бъдеш на върха като цар, а аз - да общувам с победители и да съм пръв завинаги по мъдрост (или изкуство - sofia) сред гърците (97-117).

2. Коментари

This ode seems to owe its position at the head of Pindar's extant
works to Aristophanes the grammarian, who placed it there on account
of its being specially occupied with the glorification of the Olympic
games in comparison with others, and with the story of Pelops, who was
their founder.
Hieron won this race B.C. 472, while at the height of his power at
Syracuse. Probably the ode was sung at Syracuse, perhaps, as has been
suggested, at a banquet.

(E. Myers)

Syracuse was founded by a colony of Dorians from Corinth, under the Herakleid Archias, in Ol. 11, 3 (734 B.C.).
The constitution of Syracuse, originally aristocratic, was changed into a tyrannis by Gelon, prince of Gela, who reconciled the factions of the city, Ol. 73, 4 (485 B.C.). After Gelon became lord of Syracuse, he made it his residence, enlarged it, built up Achradina, added Tyche, and what was afterwards called Neapolis. All this was not accomplished without high-handed measures, such as the transplanting of the populations of other cities. Gela lost half its inhabitants. Kamarina was razed to the ground, and the Kamarinaians transferred in a body to Syracuse (see O. 4). Under Gelon's rule Syracuse became the chief city of Sicily, the tyrant of Syracuse one of the most important personages on Grecian soil.
The great battle of Himera, popularly put on the same day as the battle of Salamis -- really fought somewhat earlier -- ended in the signal defeat of the Carthaginians, who lost one hundred and fifty thousand men dead on the field.
The consequence of the victory at Himera was a vast accession of power and influence for Gelon. Anaxilas of Rhegion, and a number of Sicilian cities, recognized his supremacy. But in the midst of his plans and projects Gelon died of dropsy, Ol. 75, 3 (478 B.C.). To his brother, Polyzelos, he left the command of the army, the guardianship of his minor son, and the hand of his widow, daughter of Theron. Hieron, the elder of the surviving brothers, who had been prince of Gela, succeeded to the government. Owing to the machinations of Hieron, Polyzelos was forced to take refuge with Theron of Akragas, who was at once his father-in-law and his son-in-law; and a war between Hieron and Theron was imminent, had not a reconciliation been effected by Simonides, the poet. Polyzelos was allowed to return to Syracuse, but Hieron was thenceforward sole ruler.
In 474 the inhabitants of Kyme (Cumae) were hard pressed by the Etruscans. Hieron immediately granted the desired aid, and defeated the Etruscans in a naval engagement off Cumae. The year after -- Ol. 76, 4 (473 B.C.) -- Hieron defeated Thrasydaios, son of Theron, and Akragas and Himera both acknowledged his sway; but he granted them their independence and a democratic constitution.
To his success in war Hieron wished to add the heroic honors paid to the founder of a new city. This new city, Aitna, was founded, Ol. 76, 1 (476 B.C.), in the territory of Katana, the old inhabitants having been removed to Leontini. Ten thousand citizens were imported, half from Syracuse and Gela, the other half Peloponnesian immigrants. The constitution was Doric; and Hieron's son, Deinomenes, and his brother-in-law, Chromios, were put in charge. Hieron often called himself Aitnaios (P. 1); Chromios followed his example (N. 1), and the founding of the city was celebrated by the “Aitnaian women” of Aischylos, and by Pindar's first Pythian.
The court of Hieron was a centre of literature and art. Epicharmos was a frequent guest. Aischylos, Simonides, Bakchylides, Pindar were among the visitors. No Doric prince ever reached such a height of glory. He was brilliantly successful at the great games: Ol. 73 and 77, with the single horse; Ol. 78, with the chariot; Pyth. 26 and 27, with the single horse; Pyth. 29, with the chariot, and again with mules.
As a Doric prince, Hieron has found as little favor with posterity as he did with his Athenian contemporary Themistokles. A tyrant, he helped the moralists to make the uneasiness of crowned heads still more uneasy. He became the type of splendid success and of splendid misery; for he was tortured by bodily suffering, he was surrounded by sycophants and informers, and lived in an atmosphere of treachery and meanness. Those who see in Pindar's Hieronic odes sermons levelled at the unfortunate prince will be inclined to despise the greatest ruler of his day. A more humane judgment will recognize high qualities impaired by the faults that were engendered and exaggerated by the tyrannis.
Hieron died Ol. 78, 2 (467 B.C.), at Aitna, and upon his death received heroic honors.

The first Olympian celebrates the victory gained by Hieron, Ol. 77 (472 B.C.), with his race-horse Pherenikos. He was then at the height of his power and glory. Some put the ode four years earlier, Ol. 76 (476 B.C.).

(B. L. Gildersleeve)


II. Терон от Акрагант, надбягване с колесници (коне)

1. Съдържание

Лири и химни, кой бог, герой или мъж ще възпеем? Пиза е Зевсова, Херакъл установи игрите, но ние ще пеем за Терон. Той е защитник на Акрагант, неговите предци станаха око на Сицилия. Съдбовното време им носеше богатство и красота. Крониде, сине на Рея, послушай песента ми и остави на рода им бащината нива (1-15).
Дори и Хронос, бащата на всичко, не може да отмени никое от направените неща. Но щастливата съдба може да донесе забрава. Болезнената беда умира, победена от радостите, когато божията Мойра изпрати велико щастие.
Това се отнася и за добропрестолните дъщери на Кадъм. Загиналата от мълния Семела живее на Олимп, където вечно я обичат Палада, бащата Зевс и собственият й син. Неугасим живот завинаги в морето е отреден и на Ино, наред с дъщерите на Нерей (16-30).
На нас, смъртните не е отредено да имаме опит за смъртта, нито да знаем деня, в който ще умрем. Всеки път различни потоци от радости и мъки вървят към хората.
Така и фаталният син срещна Лай и го уби - и така изпълни древното пророчество, изказано в Пито. Като видя това, Еринията започна да гаси мъжете от рода му с взаимните им убийства. Но след Полиник остана Терсандър, почетен в нови подвизи и битки - и той бе цвят в помощ на дома на Адрастидите. Оттам взе корена на семето си синът на Енесидам - и е достоен да получи похвални песни под съпровод на лира (31-48).
В Олимпия получи наградата си сам, а при Пито и на Истъм - заедно с брат си, за дванадесетте пробега на конната четворка.
Победата обезсилва състезателното безумство. Ако някой знаеше бъдещето - че душите на умрелите тук веднага получават наказания и че в онова подземно владение на Зевс някой съди, произнасяйки думи с враждебна принуда. Но достойните мъже получават безболезнен живот сред зачетените от боговете (49-68).
А онези, които са били три пъти от всяка страна (на земята) и са запазили душата си от несправедливости, те отиват по пътя на Зевс в крепостта на Кронос - там, където полъхът на Океана подухва край Острова на блажените. Там те се увенчават според справедливите решения на Радамант, когото великият баща, съпругът на Рея, е поставил да седи край него. Там са Пелей и Кадъм; там е и Ахил, когото отнесе майка му, след като убеди с молби сърцето на Зевс - и който повали Хектор, непобедимия стълб на Троя (69-83).
Много са бързите стрели в колчана под лакътя ми - и те звучат за умните. Който знае много, расте като мъдрец; а онези, които само учат, със всеезичие надигат крясък като врани срещу божествената птица на Зевс.
Към Акрагант ще заговоря с клетвено слово и истинен ум: сто години градът не е раждал мъж, по-благодетелен и изобилен към приятелите си от Терон. Някои искат да укрият добрите дела на достойните мъже. Но след като пясъкът убягва на числото, то кой може да изкаже радостите, които онзи мъж даде на останалите хора? (84-100)

2. Коментари

Theron's ancestors the Emmenidai migrated from Rhodes to Sicily and
first colonized Gela and then Akragas (the Latin Agrigentum). His chariot won this victory B.C. 476.

(E. Myers)

Akragas (Agrigentum) was a daughter of Gela. Gela was founded, Ol. 22, 4 (689 B.C.), by a Rhodian colony; Akragas more than a hundred years afterwards, Ol. 49, 4 (581 B.C.). In Ol. 52, 3 (570 B.C.) the notorious Phalaris made himself tyrant of the city, and, after a rule of sixteen years, was dethroned by Telemachos, the grandfather of Emmenes or Emmenides, who gave his name to the line, and became the father of Ainesidamos. Under the sons of Ainesidamos, Theron and Xenokrates, the name of the Emmenidai was brought to the height of its glory, and an alliance formed with the ruling house of Syracuse. Damareta, the daughter of Theron, married first Gelon, and, upon his death, Polyzelos, his brother. Theron married a daughter of Polyzelos, and, finally, Hieron married a daughter of Xenokrates.
The Emmenidai belonged to the ancient race of the Aigeidai, to which Pindar traced his origin, and claimed descent from Kadmos, through Polyneikes, who was the father of Thersandros by Argeia, daughter of Adrastos. Evidently a roving, and doubtless a quarrelsome, race, the descendants of Thersandros went successively to Sparta, to Thera, to Rhodes, and finally to Akragas. Such was the ancestry of Theron, who made himself master of Akragas by a trick, which he is said to have redeemed by a just, mild, and beneficent reign. Under his rule Akragas reached its highest eminence, and Theron's sway extended to the neighborhood of Himera and the Tyrrhenian sea. When he drove out Terillos, tyrant of Himera, and seized his throne, Terillos applied to his son-in-law, Anaxilas of Rhegion, for help, who, in his turn, invoked the aid of the Carthaginians. Thereupon Theron summoned to his assistance his son-in-law, Gelon, of Syracuse, and in the famous battle of Himera the Sicilian princes gained a brilliant victory. The enormous booty was spent on the adornment of Syracuse and Akragas. Akragas became one of the most beautiful cities of the world, and the ruins of Girgenti are still among the most imposing remains of antiquity. A few years after the battle of Himera, Gelon died, Ol. 75, 3 (478 B.C.), and was succeeded by his brother Hieron in the rule of Syracuse. To the other brother, Polyzelos, were assigned the command of the army and the hand of Damareta, daughter of Theron, widow of Gelon, with the guardianship of Gelon's son; but the two brothers had not been on the best terms before, and Hieron took measures to get rid of Polyzelos, who was a popular prince. Polyzelos took refuge with Theron, who had married his daughter, and who in consequence of this double tie refused to give him up to Hieron...
Theron sat firmly on his throne again, and, after putting to death all his enemies, had the great satisfaction of gaining an Olympian victory, Ol. 76 (476 B.C.), which Pindar celebrates in this ode and the following.
Theron died Ol. 76, 4; Xenokrates, his brother, who won two of the victories celebrated by Pindar (P. 6 and I. 2), died either before him or soon after.

(B. L. Gildersleeve)

Thursday, March 6, 2008

Списък на одите

І. Олимпийски оди

1. Хиерон от Сиракуза, конно надбягване
2. Терон от Акрагант, надбягване с колесници (коне)
3. Терон от Акрагант, за празника Теоксения
4. Псаумий от Камарина, надбягване с колесници (мулета), за изпълнение в Олимпия
5. Псаумий от Камарина, за изпълнение в Камарина
6. Агезий от Сиракуза, надбягване с колесници (мулета), за изпълнение в Стимфал
7. Диагор от Родос, юмручен бой
8. Алкимедонт от Егина, борба за момчета
9. Ефармост от Опунт, борба, за изпълнение в Опунт на празника на Аякс Локрийски
10. Агезидам от Епизефирските Локри, юмручен бой за момчета, за изпълнение в Епизефирските Локри
11. Агезидам от Епизефирските Локри, юмручен бой за момчета, за изпълнение в Олимпия
12. Ерготел от Химера, бягане на дълго разстояние
13. Ксенофонт от Коринт, бягане на един стадий и петобой
14. Азопих от Орхомен, бягане на един стадий за момчета


ІІ. Питийски оди

1. Хиерон от Етна, надбягване с колесници (коне )
2. Хиерон от Сиракуза, надбягване с колесници (коне)
3. Хиерон от Сиракуза, надбягване с колесници (мулета)
4. Аркезилай от Кирена, надбягване с колесници (коне)
5. Аркезилай от Кирена, надбягване с колесници (коне) за Карнейския празник
6. Ксенократ от Акрагант, надбягване с колесници (коне)
7. Мегакъл от Атина, надбягване с колесници (тетрипос)
8. Аристомен от Егина, борба
9. Телезикрат от Кирена, бягане с оръжие
10. Хипокъл от Тесалия, бягане на два стадия за момчета
11. Тразидей от Тива, бягане на един стадий за момчета, за изпълнение в Тива
12. Мидас от Акрагант, свирене на флейта


ІІІ. Немейски оди

1. Хромий от Етна, надбягване с коне (хипойс)
2. Тимодем Ахарнянина, панкратион
3. Аристоклид от Егина, панкратион, за изпълнение в Егина
4. Тимасарх от Егина, борба за момчета
5. Питей от Егина, панкратион,
6. Алкимид от Егина, борба за момчета
7. Соген от Егина, петобой за момчета
8. Диний от Егина, бягане на два стадия
9. Хромий от Етна, надбягване с колесници (коне), за изпълнение в Сикион
10. Теей от Аргос, борба, за изпълнение в Аргос на празника на Хера
11. Аристагор от Тенедос, за избирането му за притан


ІV. Истмийски оди

1. Херодот от Тива, надбягване с колесници (коне)
2. Ксенократ от Акрагант, надбягване с колесници (коне)
3. Мелис от Тива, надбягване с коне (хипойс)
4. Мелис от Тива, надбягване с коне (хипойс) - продължение
5. Филакид от Егина, панкратион за момчета
6. Филакид от Егина, панкратион за момчета ІІ
7. Стрепсиад от Тива, панкратион
8. Клеандър от Егина, панкратион за момчета